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Marketing orders and agreements in United States agricultural policy allow producers to promote orderly marketing through collectively influencing the supply, demand, or price of a particular commodity. Research and promotion can be financed with pooled funds. ''Marketing orders'' are binding on all handlers of the commodity within the geographic area of regulation once it is approved by a required number of producers (usually two-thirds). An order may limit the quantity of goods marketed, or establish the grade, size, maturity, quality, or prices of the goods. The Agricultural Marketing Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) uses marketing orders to regulate the sale of dairy products〔(AMS at USDA - Dairy Programs- Federal Milk Marketing Orders )〕 and fruits and vegetables.〔(AMS at USDA, Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Orders )〕 An order can be terminated when a majority of all producers favor its termination or when the USDA determines that the order no longer serves its intended purpose. ''Marketing agreements'' may contain more diversified provisions, but are enforceable only against those handlers who enter into the agreement. They are authorized by the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 (AMAA), as amended.〔 The AMAA was a piece of New Deal era legislation implemented for price stability and essential marketing functions in response to economic pressure faced by small farmers in the 1920s.〔 ==Milk== Federal milk marketing orders regulate handlers that sell milk or milk products within an order region by requiring them to pay not less than an established minimum price for the Grade A milk they purchase from dairy producers, depending on how the milk is used. This classified pricing system requires handlers to pay a higher price for milk used for fluid consumption (Class I) than for milk used in manufactured dairy products such as yogurt, ice cream, cheese, butter and nonfat dry milk (Class II, Class III and Class IV products). The Federal Milk Marketing Order (FMMO) does not include certain states, such as California. Federal milk marketing orders were first instituted in the 1930s to promote orderly marketing conditions by, among other things, applying a uniform system of classified pricing throughout the farm milk market. The 1996 Farm Bill required the USDA to consolidate the number of federal milk marketing orders and to revise the method by which minimum class prices are determined. The USDA implemented these changes in 2000. There are now 11 milk marketing orders, down from 31 when the law was enacted. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marketing orders and agreements」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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